Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico
type: channel
description: Encuentros. Journal of Human Sciences, Social Theory and Critical Thinking is a journal founded by the Center for Geo-Historical and Socio-Cultural Studies of the Rafael María Baralt National Experimental University and currently edited by the Center for Latin American Studies in Political and Social Transformations Foundation. (https://www.celat.org.ve/). Its publication is online and since May 2023 it has been published every four months. The aim of the journal is to spread the research and reflections that are made from the humanities and social sciences on critical, counter-hegemonic and sub-alternate thinking. The journal is considered as a very wide academic space where contemporary social problems are approached from different areas of study such as Philosophy, History, Education, Political Science, Anthropology and Sociology. Academic articles are published that address the aforementioned topics, but also essays, research advances, book reviews and interviews of interest to academics with relevant contributions in the areas of the journal. All collaborations are evaluated by a Referee Committee. The journal is aimed at the academic and scientific community of the human and social sciences of Venezuela and Latin America and at those who are interested in delving deeper into the topics, debates and experiences that are the protagonists of our regions, subjects and their socio-cultural transformations.
publisher: Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt
language: es
publication name: Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico
issn: 2610-8046
items: Epistemic and practical boundaries between critical thinking and social reality.
items: Management and transformation of educational quality: an analysis from basic education
items: Neoliberal Natures. Conflicts around urban-real estate extractivism.
items: Epistemological boundaries between the history of mathematics and the history of its didactics
items: University students' perceptions: analysis of teaching methods and academic performance
items: Unified Vision of Multimodal Transport and Its Variants
items: Corporate Exodus, Public-Private Relations and Institutional Stability in Spain: An Analysis from Game Theory and Stochastic Modeling
items: Influence of Strategic Leadership in Improving the Competitiveness of Military Institutions
items: Innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship: viability and opportunities in the ecosystem
items: Perspectives on interdisciplinary teaching management: towards a pedagogical practice with territorial identity in primary education
items: Ethical challenges of artificial intelligence in the face of current social crises
items: Joint Venture: Conflicts of Interest, Extractivism, and Challenges for Social Justice in Peru
items: Citizen perception regarding environmental policies implemented by the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Tulcán Canton in Ecuador
items: Psychometric scales and emerging technologies for the measurement and treatment of mathematical anxiety
items: Impact of the generational notion of time on the transmission of artisanal fishing. A study in the Salinas canton, Ecuador
items: Quality management and learning assurance in higher education: an interdisciplinary analysis
items: Parental rights in dispute: migrant families between Ecuador and Spain facing a transnational legal dilemma
items: The need for education for Digital Citizenship
items: Therapeutic Justice: A New Scientifically Rigorous Approach to the Reintegration of Offenders
items: Impact of the Project Accounting Software on the Academic Training of Technical High School Students in Accounting Packages
items: Multivariate analysis of financial performance and risk in savings and credit cooperatives in ecuador, a statis dual approach
items: Emergence of the political subject based on a didactic approach to testimonial narrative
items: Pedagogical innovation and critical tensions in the teaching of morphophysiology in higher education: a systematic review
items: Dynamics and hermeneutics of consumer behavior in the commerce of the special, tourist and cultural district of Riohacha
items: Didactic strategy to increase the effectiveness of learning and Intervention professional in the modality of virtual education from digital environments
items: Dominican Pedagogy and Transformational Leadership: Towards Critical Humanism in Educational Management
items: Teaching Working Conditions and Perception of Educational Inclusion in Universities Across Five Latin American Countries
items: Fertility and Education: A Literature Review
items: Ethical and Pedagogical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Towards a New Teaching Role
items: Alternatives to the use of rejected bananas in organic production systems: The permaculture experience of Asoprochirijos, Ecuador

Epistemic and practical boundaries between critical thinking and social reality.
type: item
description: Current international political scenarios demonstrate the fragility of global institutions, which today appear incapable of containing the advance of violence manifested in armed conflicts and humanitarian crises. Violated international law is not a determining factor for building lasting peace, much less for consolidating a civilization where life is the supreme right of all peoples. We are witnessing a global scenario where the norms that should guarantee peaceful coexistence seem to be dissolving in the face of geopolitical interests. Therefore, in this context, critical thinking is essential as a tool to decode the people's cry for equality and dignity. In this scenario of uncertainties and vulnerabilities, women are the ones who suffer the most from violence and injustice. Therefore, presenting analyses and reflections from a gender perspective, from classrooms in Argentina to politics in Mexico, is a profound sign of a humanity that no longer accepts exclusion and compels us to confront the deepest scars of conflict, reminding us that women's bodies have historically been a battleground. This reflection on the body and space is linked to the analysis of migration in Latin America, a phenomenon that today represents the most visible face of regional inequality and the erosion of human rights. Prioritizing capital over life has become the current motto of our civilization. From this premise stems the ferocity with which natural resources are being exploited to the point of being unable to sustain life in the territories where industrial waste is concentrated. Its consequences are evident: labor exploitation, human displacement, climate crisis, famine, which drive millions of people to desperately seek a dignified life in the face of injustice in their own territories. All this unfolds against the backdrop of the unsettling advance of algorithm-based intelligence, which, while dazzling, also poses ethical and educational challenges. Human intelligence must establ…
subject: Presentación
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 11
ending page: 12
doi: 10.5281/

Management and transformation of educational quality: an analysis from basic education
type: item
description: The objective of this research was to analyze managerial leadership as a transformative process aimed at improving educational quality in basic education institutions. Methodologically, a qualitative documentary study was developed, based on systematic review and content analysis. The corpus consisted of 29 documents selected for their relevance, timeliness, and academic rigor. The findings showed that traditional models of managerial leadership focused on bureaucratic, administrative, and reactive practices are insufficient to respond to the contemporary demands of basic education. In contrast, the literature reviewed highlights the importance of transformative pedagogical leadership, capable of energizing institutional processes, strengthening teaching practices, promoting collaboration, and guiding the continuous improvement of educational quality. In conclusion, the study argues that management should move toward active and transformative pedagogical approaches that drive innovation, consolidate collaborative school cultures, and prepare educational institutions to face present and future challenges.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Directive Management, Educational Quality, Educational Innovation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Luis Gutiérrez Hurtado
creator: José Rafael García González
creator: Paola Andrea Sánchez Sánchez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 330
ending page: 346
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19321531

Neoliberal Natures. Conflicts around urban-real estate extractivism.
type: item
description: This book, coordinated by Patricia Pintos and Sofía Astelarra, is an essential text for those of us researching the mechanisms of operation of extractivisms, since, through a critical approach, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the transformations that take place in Nature, especially in the urban and peri-urban areas.
subject: Reseñas
  topic: section
subject: Neoliberal Natures.
  topic: keywords
creator: Carolina Fuentes-Lizama
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 607
ending page: 610
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19321076

Epistemological boundaries between the history of mathematics and the history of its didactics
type: item
description: The close relationship between academic mathematics and its teaching generates a profound epistemological confusion: equating the history of the discipline with the history of its didactics. This article aims to delimit the theoretical and methodological boundaries between both areas, justifying the need for differentiated historiographical narratives. Through a narrative literature review, the disciplinary evolution, methodological risks, and their formative implications are analyzed. The results show that didactics was consolidated as an autonomous science in the 1970s thanks to the concept of didactic transposition. Evidence shows that confusing both histories leads educational research into anachronism, judging past practices through contemporary paradigms. It is concluded that recognizing the history of didactics as an independent field is key for teacher training. Understanding the historical origin of curricula enables future teachers to critically address current educational obstacles.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: History of mathematics, Mathematics education, Didactic transposition, Epistemology, Teacher training, Anachronism.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismael Cabero-Fayos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 127
ending page: 138
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19320914

University students' perceptions: analysis of teaching methods and academic performance
type: item
description: This interpretive qualitative study, with a phenomenological design, examined how traditional and collaborative methods affect the academic performance of business administration students at the National Agrarian University of the Jungle (Peru). Twenty-nine students participated; triangulation was applied through semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis, with teacher contrast. The results show that lectures are valued when they are clear, structured, and supported by examples, but attention wanes without interaction; collaborative work enhances motivation, critical thinking, and teamwork, although it requires organization, moderation, and balanced participation. Objectively, students self-assess as "good," highlighting motivation, commitment, attendance, and time management; subjectively, they report progress in leadership, adaptability, and use of technologies, with identity consolidation by the third year. We conclude that combining clarity of presentation with guided collaboration and strengthening teacher training and technological infrastructure will improve objective and subjective results in higher education.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Higher education, traditional education, teaching method, academic performance.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nebenka Caro Potokar
creator: Juan Alfredo Tuesta Panduro
creator: Leonor Huaman Camacho
creator: Morty Abelardo Diaz Seijas
creator: Julio Cesar Yllatopa Canales
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 593
ending page: 605
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19320580

Unified Vision of Multimodal Transport and Its Variants
type: item
description: In the context of Latin American political and economic integration, the article explores the evolution and complexity of multimodal transportation in modern logistics, analyzing terms such as "intermodal," "combined," and "plurimodal." It focuses on the differences and similarities between these modalities and their legal and operational implications in various countries. Through a comparative analysis of legislation and practices in diverse regions and supranational entities, it identifies how each area defines and regulates multimodal transportation and its variants. The results show that in some regions, the multimodal contract is considered a mixed contract that can be divided into several unimodal contracts, while in others, it is defined as a single contract covering multiple modes of transport. The importance of understanding the specifics of multimodal transportation and its variants to optimize logistics operations is highlighted. Multimodal transportation, integrating multiple modes of transport under a single contract, optimizes the supply chain, reduces costs and time, and facilitates logistics management. Variants such as combined, segmented, reexpedition, subtransport, successive, intermodal, and door-to-door transportation present different challenges and advantages. In conclusion, understanding these differences allows shippers and logistics operators to select the most suitable modality for their operational and legal needs, optimizing the supply chain and minimizing risks. Clarity in terminology and contracts is essential for efficient management and well-defined responsibility.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Carrier, contract, logistics, multimodal, transport.
  topic: keywords
creator: Verónica Alexandra Piloso Moreira
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 564
ending page: 592
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19320427

Corporate Exodus, Public-Private Relations and Institutional Stability in Spain: An Analysis from Game Theory and Stochastic Modeling
type: item
description: This study analyzes institutional differences between Spain and the Netherlands and their impact on business location decisions through game theory and stochastic modeling. Using 2000-2024 data, we construct a multidimensional Business Stress Index and apply Monte Carlo simulations to validate methodological robustness. Results reveal that Spain operates in a suboptimal Nash equilibrium with average business utility of 0.0054 versus 0.8609 in the Netherlands (85.5-point gap). Monte Carlo analysis confirms that Spain presents negative mean utility (-0.047) with high volatility, while the Netherlands maintains positive utility (0.109) and greater stability. Impulse-response analysis demonstrates that Spain amplifies shocks in 83.3% of cases and converges more slowly, confirming differentiated institutional capacities that justify business relocation strategies.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Game theory, institutional analysis, corporate relocation, Monte Carlo methods.
  topic: keywords
creator: Christian Hernández-Alonso
creator: Guillermo Boscán Carrasquero
creator: Pablo Biderbost Moyano
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 545
ending page: 563
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19320244

Influence of Strategic Leadership in Improving the Competitiveness of Military Institutions
type: item
description: The article objective was to analyze the influence of strategic leadership on the competitive improvement of military institutions. The study method was documentary with selection of bibliographic sources in Scopus and Web of Science, applying content analysis technique to the consulted bibliography. The results confirmed the positive relationship between effective strategic leadership and competitive military performance, through adapting solutions that govern innovative processes, considering the commitment of leadership to strategic thinking by delegating specific tasks that allow the control of performance indexes. It is concluded that transformational and participative leadership promotes principles, doctrines and values of political-strategic preparation that implements operational solutions with the ability to forecast the assigned tasks performance.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Leadership, innovative behavior, strategic work competitiveness, strategic thinking.
  topic: keywords
creator: Pedro Luis Bracho-Fuenmayor
creator: Edgar Córdova Jaimes
creator: Jacqueline Coromoto Guillén De Romero
creator: Rafael Ángel Villavicencio Piña
creator: Mariby Coromoto Boscán Carroz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 503
ending page: 524
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19318959

Innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship: viability and opportunities in the ecosystem
type: item
description: This bibliometric study maps the scientific conversation on innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship, focusing on viability and opportunities. Scopus (2015–2025) was analyzed using a Boolean equation in Title–Abstract–Keywords, a PRISMA-type flow, descriptive counts, co-word mapping, and a thematic map (centrality–density). The corpus comprises 741 documents from 315 sources, with a 24.95% annual growth rate, a mean age of 2.99 years, and 10.98 citations per document. A total of 2,216 authors participated, with no single-author articles, an average of 5.76 co-authors per document, and 23.62% international co-authorship. The Lotka curve shows a broad base of unique contributions and a narrow right tail with 16 authors who have ?39 publications. The thematic map suggests priorities: standardizing viability metrics, articulating circularity with business models, and better connecting with funding and public policy. This work offers a reproducible roadmap and practical guidance for informing agendas and decisions.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable entrepreneurship, Market opportunities, Circular economy, Business models.
  topic: keywords
creator: Angelica Jiménez Coronado
creator: Hugo Hernández Palma
creator: Jairo Martínez Ventura
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 486
ending page: 502
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19318156

Perspectives on interdisciplinary teaching management: towards a pedagogical practice with territorial identity in primary education
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze how interdisciplinary teacher management, focused on integrating local knowledge systems, can strengthen territorial identity among primary school students in rural Turbaco, Colombia. Methodologically, the research was supported by a documentary study design, following the contributions of Arias-Odón (2016), as it was based on the search, retrieval, analysis, critique, and interpretation of secondary data. Therefore, the data collection technique was documentary review, through a bibliographic design that determined the search for sources, such as digital documents in PDF format: peer-reviewed scientific journal articles, as well as theses and dissertations. In total, the review generated 54 documents from various electronic portals: Dialnet, Scielo, Redalyc, and Latindex, among others, as well as from university digital repositories. Furthermore, the PRISMA method was applied during the search process to enhance the clarity and transparency of this report, consistent with the documentary review technique (Moher et al., 2009). This was based on an inquiry system that revealed an in-depth analysis of the contributions generated by the consulted theorists. Ultimately, 29 digital documents were utilized, of which 7 were used to substantiate the problem and 22 for the analysis of the three theoretical corpora. The main finding is the identification of teacher management as the transformative axis and key cultural resistance tool to overcome curricular fragmentation and build territorial identity in rural primary education. Finally, the study concludes that interdisciplinary teacher management is the fundamental tool for linking the formal curriculum with local knowledge, transforming into an act of educational justice and cultural resistance.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Teacher management, Interdisciplinarity, Territorial identity, Rural context, Local knowledge systems.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ledys Linet Villarreal Chico
creator: Zulgenis Ester Fornaris Parejo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 468
ending page: 485
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19268448

Ethical challenges of artificial intelligence in the face of current social crises
type: item
description: This research analyzes the ethical challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the face of current social crises, provided that critical thinking and dialogical skills are promoted as the foundation of democratic coexistence. It studies the biocontrol strategies involved in the globalization of narcissistic myths; at the same time, it underscores the alienation of consciousness that involves the ego-based validation of personality. It denounces the equating of political forms and modes with commodities during the exacerbation of possessive desires. It concludes that digital communication tools can shape dignified ways of life when they instill ethical skills in the public sphere; this implies using virtual media to highlight human rights. It is a bibliographic study, organized from a deductive rationalist approach.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Ethical Challenges of Contemporary Society, Artificial Intelligence, Dialogical Skills, Critical Thinking, Human Rights.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dulio Oseda Gago
creator: Miriam Vilca Arana
creator: Villón Bruno Sabino Ernesto
creator: Karim Lorena Roca Vasquez
creator: Segundo Felipe Alarcón Vasquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 452
ending page: 467
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19268257

Joint Venture: Conflicts of Interest, Extractivism, and Challenges for Social Justice in Peru
type: item
description: In Latin America and the Caribbean, the joint venture has emerged as a distinctive form of business association, fostering shared benefits between local and foreign enterprises. In Peru, although this contractual figure is not explicitly regulated, its development is closely tied to the neoliberal reforms of the 1990s, which prioritized foreign investment in strategic sectors such as mining, fisheries, and hydrocarbons. Yet, this model perpetuated a polarized logic focused on competitiveness, producing disproportionate advantages for the Global North while deepening social asymmetries. The material and immaterial costs have fallen heavily on Indigenous populations, the environment, and cultural heritage. From a critical perspective, the joint venture cannot be analyzed solely as a legal instrument; it must also be understood as a historical, commercial, and political device shaped by power relations and the neoliberal economic model established in Peru and across Latin America. This study examines the joint venture by emphasizing its benefits while interrogating its fundamental weaknesses. Methodologically, the research adopts a qualitative approach based on documentary exploration. The findings suggest that, while the joint venture often reflects global impositions, if designed and implemented appropriately, it can also serve as a tool for protecting Peru’s national interests.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Joint Venture, Social Justice, Duty of Loyalty, Extractivism, Contracts.
  topic: keywords
creator: Erik Francesc Obiol Anaya
creator: Jorge Abel Cabrejos Mejía
creator: Diego Jaret Muro Vigo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 439
ending page: 451
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19267960

Citizen perception regarding environmental policies implemented by the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Tulcán Canton in Ecuador
type: item
description: The objective was to determine the importance and level of citizen satisfaction with environmental policies in the canton of San Miguel de Tulcán, Ecuador. This study sought to inform informed decision-making for their design, implementation, and evaluation. From a public policy perspective, the study explored how the development agenda was implemented, using the environmental paradigm and complex systems theory as a cross-cutting theme. Methodologically, the study was developed using a mixed integrative approach, given the merits of this paradigm and the multidisciplinary nature of the research team. Citizen surveys, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and the consultation of documentary sources such as plans, programs, projects, and regulatory materials were used. The findings suggested that environmental issues have been sufficiently valued in development policies, particularly with regard to the conservation of most biophysical elements. However, there is a management deficit in relation to the transition to sustainable agriculture and the principle of co-responsibility.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Environmental paradigm, Public policies, Environmental policies, Development policies.
  topic: keywords
creator: Marcelo Cahuasquí Cevallos
creator: Ángel Marín Pérez
creator: Mayra Sandoval Chuquín
creator: Wladimir Pérez Parra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 422
ending page: 438
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19267711

Psychometric scales and emerging technologies for the measurement and treatment of mathematical anxiety
type: item
description: Mathematical anxiety (MA) has negatively impacted the academic performance and socio-emotional well-being of students. Over the past few decades, researchers have explored the factors contributing to its development, as well as the tools and technologies for its evaluation and management. This review analyzes the evolution of the methodologies and tools used to measure MA, focusing on the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) and brain-computer interfaces (BCI), while also examining the role of emerging technologies in reducing the negative impact of MA. The methodology employed consisted of a systematic search in high-impact databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords like "mathematical anxiety," "MARS scale," and "brain-computer interface." Studies published in the last 20 years were included, complemented by seminal research that established the theoretical foundations of MA. Both empirical and theoretical studies were reviewed, evaluating psychometric scales and technologies applied to the treatment of MA. This review concludes that, although significant advances have been made in the assessment of MA, it is necessary to optimize interventions by combining traditional approaches with emerging technologies. Future research should focus on strategies that address both the root causes and the manifest symptoms of MA.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Psychometric scales, educational intervention, adaptive technology, neurophysiological assessment.
  topic: keywords
creator: M Orozco-Guzmán
creator: Anderson Díaz-Pérez
creator: Rafael García-Jiménez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 402
ending page: 421
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19267427

Impact of the generational notion of time on the transmission of artisanal fishing. A study in the Salinas canton, Ecuador
type: item
description: Artisanal fishing in the ports of Santa Rosa and Anconcito in the Salinas Canton, Ecuador, faces a shortage of younger generations learning the traditional methods. This study aims to analyze the causes of the low participation of younger generations. A mixed-methods research design was used, analyzing the socio-ecological systems proposed by Ostrom (2009). The potential findings indicated that the lack of adolescent participation and involvement is due to the following drivers: economic hardship, educational incompatibility, insecurity, overexploitation, and stigmatization. Regarding the latter, an interpretation is constructed that considers not only aspects of imaginary time (mythical, immaterial) but also aspects of identity time (material-generational, postmodern). It is concluded that the low generational participation jeopardizes the industry, the sense of community, and the governance system, given the material and symbolic conflict that has arisen in the generational transition.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Youth, Artisanal Fishing, Generational Crisis, Ecuadorian Coast, Identity Time.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Enrique Saavedra Palma
creator: Edgar Fabián Cobos Alvarado
creator: Karen Melissa Balón Limones
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 385
ending page: 401
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19227731

Quality management and learning assurance in higher education: an interdisciplinary analysis
type: item
description: This article analyzes quality management and the assurance of meaningful learning in university institutions from an interdisciplinary perspective using secondary documentary sources. It presents a complex approach to educational quality as a system that integrates social relevance, educational stakeholders, and continuous assessment based on the operational philosophy of ISO 9001:2015 and 21001:2018 standards as tools for university accreditation of quality and continuous improvement. It examines integrated strategies that articulate leadership, flexible curriculum design, process management, and technologies aligned with international standards. Strategic planning is considered the guiding principle, and meaningful learning is based on constructivist approaches and authentic assessment. In many countries, achieving educational quality requires efficiently overcoming challenges such as excessive bureaucratization in processes, training, and development of teachers and administrative staff, with the implementation of structured learning systems that generate competencies linked to efficient curriculum management, ensuring permanent traceability in processes.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Quality management, learning assurance, higher education, ISO standards, university accreditation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Deibis Yaneth Mendoza Lopez
creator: Fredy Valmore Marín González
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 375
ending page: 384
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19118981

Parental rights in dispute: migrant families between Ecuador and Spain facing a transnational legal dilemma
type: item
description: This article examines the loss and restitution of parental authority in Ecuadorian migrant families in Spain within the framework of a comparative legal analysis. Regulatory gaps are identified in protection mechanisms when measures are issued in the absence of the migrant parent, creating situations of defenselessness. The findings reveal that migratory status cannot, by itself, justify the restriction of parental rights; that the judicialization of poverty and labor precariousness constitutes a discriminatory practice contrary to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989); and that international judicial cooperation in these cases remains fragmented and limited. The study also underscores the need to strengthen the training of justice operators with an intercultural and human mobility approach, and to advance toward a hybrid model of protection that combines the guarantee of non-arbitrary family separation with effective access to justice and social support both in the country of origin and the country of destination. The research provides critical evidence for rethinking parental authority in transnational contexts under a rights-based and inclusive framework.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: International judicial cooperation, Legal defenselessness of migrants, Judicialization of poverty, Migration and parental rights, Transnational parental authority.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mayra Roxana Bravo Zambrano
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 362
ending page: 374
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19118906

The need for education for Digital Citizenship
type: item
description: This article offers a comprehensive bibliographic analysis of digital citizenship education, understood as the set of competencies for exercising ethical and informed political and administrative participation in the community. The review included nine articles from scientific journals indexed in databases such as Scielo, SCOPUS, and Dialnet, published in the last eight years, to identify key perspectives and approaches in this field. The article addresses the fundamental definitions of digital citizenship, highlighting its importance in developing critical competencies in this regard. Furthermore, it examines the processes of integrating these competencies into the school curriculum, as well as the barriers and challenges in implementing educational programs. The analysis also compares different pedagogical models proposed in the literature and highlights the need for ongoing teacher training and equitable access to technology as fundamental pillars for effective digital citizenship.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Digital Citizenship, Technological Access, Citizen Participation, School Curriculum.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fernando Alberto Eugenio Guerrero Salazar
creator: Yrma Rosa Godoy Pereyra
creator: Isabel Menacho Vargas
creator: William Jesús Rojas-Gutiérrez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 347
ending page: 361
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19118752

Therapeutic Justice: A New Scientifically Rigorous Approach to the Reintegration of Offenders
type: item
description: Therapeutic Jurisprudence, or TJ, is a recent approach, derived from critical criminology, but which focuses on the usefulness of therapeutic notions from psychology in the field of criminal justice to combine legal and prevention aspects in the treatment of offenders. The results of research and evaluations that have demonstrated the benefits of TJ in terms of reducing criminal recidivism, improving mental health, the well-being of participants, and cost savings for the criminal justice system are discussed. However, from the General Theory of Law to leading epistemologists such as K. Popper, the a priori use of psychology, as of any idealistic formulation, is discarded due to its excessive subjectivism and lack of scientificity. This article highlights that the results of the TJ reposition the importance of philosophy in the scientific debate, as well as aspects of psychological, mantic and aesthetic thought in the criminological debate, since its results, although their procedures are ubiquitous, are sufficiently stable for empirical utility and rigorous thought. It is recommended to deepen the analytical knowledge of the resources and instruments of the TJ for the debate on the notion of science and the strengthening of the criminological episteme.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Psychotherapy, prevention, science, criminology, Therapeutic Jurisprudence.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mercy Liliana Borbón Hoyos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 314
ending page: 329
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19099921

Impact of the Project Accounting Software on the Academic Training of Technical High School Students in Accounting Packages
type: item
description: From the Technical High School level to the university level, the reality of the implementation of the subject of Accounting Packages leads the accountant to managers and Directors, this also increasingly leads to understand and formulate financial policy, to sustain a strategy in accordance with the national economic policy and, above all, in terms of the immersive globalization, with geopolitics. We propose to understand this phenomenon from the epistemology of complexity, one of the most recognized aspects of postmodernity, which repositions accounting sciences at the center of the debate on social sciences. We reflect on this new notion of accounting sciences and the importance that Project Accounting Software acquire, for this reason, for the academic training of students, in the face of complexity and multifactor. In this sense, an experiment was created in an Educational Unit with pilot contrast groups to observe the efficiency of Project Accounting Software in accounting academic training based on complexity. It is concluded that the application of the pedagogical strategy based on Project Accounting Software, has a favorable impact on the acquisition of complex skills, but the limitations of the software itself in understanding this problem are still noted.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Pedagogical Strategy, Project Accounting Software, Academic Training, Technical High School, Financial Policy.
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Guillermo Cayambe Pucha
creator: Walser Enrique Anapa De La Cruz
creator: Mercy Daniela Zambrano Cuero
creator: María Alejandrina Nivela Cornejo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 295
ending page: 313
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19099564

Multivariate analysis of financial performance and risk in savings and credit cooperatives in ecuador, a statis dual approach
type: item
description: This study employs the STATIS Dual approach to analyze the relationships between the financial and economic variables of the credit unions in Segment 1 of Ecuador's popular and solidarity financial sector during the period 2016-2023. The cooperatives are treated as "individuals" and the financial indicators as "variables." Data from 7 key financial variables were used: deposits (DEP), loan portfolio balance (SCC), financial intermediation (INTFIN), current liquidity (LIQCOR), profitability (ROA and ROE), and extended delinquency (MORAMP). The methodology includes data matrix standardization, calculation of variance and covariance matrices, and measuring the similarity between matrices using the RV coefficient. Through these steps, a compromise matrix is constructed to represent the common structure across data from different years. The main findings indicate that cooperatives show a differentiated response to variations in economic indicators over time. Liquidity and profitability variables are determinants for financial sustainability, while extended delinquency stands out as a risk factor. The analysis reveals that some cooperatives have a greater ability to adapt to changes in financial variables, while others face greater challenges, especially concerning delinquency.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: STATIS Dual, cooperatives, multivariate analysis, financial indicators, popular and solidarity financial system.
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriela Valeria Bustos - Chiliquinga
creator: Purificación Galindo-Villardón
creator: Cristian Cornejo Gaete
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 278
ending page: 294
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19023880

Emergence of the political subject based on a didactic approach to testimonial narrative
type: item
description: The article aimed to show how political subjectivity came up among first-year undergrads at the University of Medellín. They used a teaching sequence in the form of a literary workshop based on the testimonial narrative of the Colombian armed conflict from the book When the Birds did not Sing, part of the Final Report of the Truth Commission. The results showed that the teaching sequence fostered the emergence of in the participants of a subjectivity that enabled them to use their imagination to empathize with the meaning of the victims' testimonies. It was concluded that the beginning of the higher education training process is the setting in which ethical experiences of citizen training appear, a challenge in the Colombian context. Likewise, spaces must be provided for the trainee to develop their political subjectivity as a capacity to reflect on the conflict.
subject: Investigación
  topic: section
subject: Political subject, testimonial narrative, textual production, critical thinking, didactic sequence.
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Edilberto Rendón Ángel
creator: Rubén Darío Palacio Mesa
creator: Esneyder Vallejo Cano
creator: Deibi Yesid Muñoz Quintero
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 266
ending page: 277
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19023691

Pedagogical innovation and critical tensions in the teaching of morphophysiology in higher education: a systematic review
type: item
description: The teaching of morphophysiology in higher education is at a turning point: the rapid adoption of digital resources and pedagogical innovations coexists with access gaps, cultural resistance, and ethical dilemmas that condition its impact. This study aims to analyze the pedagogical, social, and ethical implications of the strategies implemented between 2020 and 2025 through a systematic review (PRISMA 2020), with searches across various databases and blind management/screening in Rayyan. Studies on innovative methodologies in health sciences higher education were included. The results reveal three core areas of innovation: (1) immersive technologies that enhance visualization and participation; (2) physical resources/hands-on experiences that support haptic, ethical, and professional development; and (3) active methods that strengthen autonomy, critical thinking, and meaningful learning. However, epistemic gaps persist (a scarcity of comparative and longitudinal studies, heterogeneity of measures), inequalities in access and technological appropriation, and teacher-student resistance to change. It is concluded that effective innovation requires critical hybrid curricula, ongoing teacher training, and technological equity policies to prevent technology from becoming an end in itself.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Morphophysiology, Active Learning, Educational Innovation, Educational Equity.
  topic: keywords
creator: Lay Zaray Viecco Montero
creator: Érika Patricia Palacio Durán
creator: Gina Maureth Bustos León
creator: Jorgina Katherine Cure Manchego
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 249
ending page: 264
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19023625

Dynamics and hermeneutics of consumer behavior in the commerce of the special, tourist and cultural district of Riohacha
type: item
description: This research, using a mixed-methodological approach, evaluates consumer behavior in the Special District of Riohacha by administering Likert-tested surveys to 364 individuals and using qualitative analysis based on theories by Philip and Lane (2016), Schiffman and Lazar (2010), and Solomon (2008). The results identify an ontological fracture in consumption practices, where local residents frame purchasing behavior with symbolic aspirations for social mobility as an imaginary, while tourists practice purchasing as a ritual of cultural authenticity. This duality generates tensions in the local commercial fabric, where Wayuu culture is simultaneously a code of cultural identity and a tourist commodity. Furthermore, the study reveals that cultural factors, peer pressure for a lifestyle, and economic hierarchies operate as interdependent mechanisms that shape consumption decisions. The research concludes that commercial sustainability in multicultural and socially dualistic contexts requires reinterpreting sociocultural codes from a critical hermeneutics in order to reconfigure commercial marketing.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Consumer behavior, hermeneutics, commercial dynamics, Riohacha.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nair Cantillo Campo
creator: Carlos Julio Pedraza Reyes
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 238
ending page: 248
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19023532

Didactic strategy to increase the effectiveness of learning and Intervention professional in the modality of virtual education from digital environments
type: item
description: This study reflects on the importance of physical space in the assessment of learning in the Social Work career in relation to intervention strategies and the consequent inconvenience of the online modality for the subject of social/professional intervention. In this sense: a) the inconsistency of online education for the subject of social/professional intervention is evaluated in light of the evidence provided by ethnography and b) as an illustration, a didactic strategy is proposed to increase the effectiveness of learning using digital environments. For this purpose, scientifically rigorous information is gathered on the relationship between real space (place or non-place), culture and intervention and a probabilistic survey is applied among students of the Universidad de Milagro, in the Social Work career. Although students show high satisfaction with the effectiveness of the various strategies used in the course for their learning, it is possible to conclude that it is not possible to design a teaching strategy for the subject of professional intervention that has a solid theoretical base with a strong practical orientation through purely virtual environments.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Teaching strategies, ethnography, virtual education, professional intervention, social work.
  topic: keywords
creator: Lourdes Monserrate Mendieta Lucas
creator: Patricio Fernando González Galora
creator: Monica Elizabeth Zea Vera
creator: Danilo Renato Valle Arellano
creator: Kati Maribel Rueda Espinoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 223
ending page: 237
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19011153

Dominican Pedagogy and Transformational Leadership: Towards Critical Humanism in Educational Management
type: item
description: The purpose of this paper was to analyze transformational leadership from the perspective of Dominican pedagogy, considering its impact on educational management. Within this framework, it is argued that neoliberal tensions and coloniality affect education and educational leadership processes in Latin America. In response to this, Dominican charisma is presented as a historical milestone that promotes Christian humanism. With a historical trajectory that begins with the proposals of Santo Domingo de Guzmán (13th century), it focuses on critical rationality and the rights of the vulnerable through the dissemination of the gospel. Amidst this, the Congregation of the Dominican Sisters of the Immaculate Conception has exemplified this type of leadership in educational training. The methodology used was a theoretical review that integrates systematization and re-signification. It is concluded that transformational leadership, in convergence with Dominican spirituality, goes beyond corporate approaches, focusing on the dignity and integral development of people. This approach is consolidated as a response, focusing on an ethical and humanistic vision of the gospel, innovation, and proactive educational management, which is fundamental to taking on the challenges of the 21st century
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Transformational Leadership, Student-Centered Pedagogy, Educational Management, Critical Humanism In Education, Sustainability.
  topic: keywords
creator: Verónica Ysabel Agurto Olivari
creator: Herbert Robles Mori
creator: José Agüero Alva
creator: Robert Jhonny Luis García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 211
ending page: 222
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19010804

Teaching Working Conditions and Perception of Educational Inclusion in Universities Across Five Latin American Countries
type: item
description: This study analyzes the extent to which university teachers’ working conditions are associated with perceived educational inclusion, considering that effective inclusive policies can improve job stability, support systems, and the institutional climate, which directly influence teachers’ perceptions of inclusive practices. A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational design was implemented with a sample of 564 faculty members from universities in Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, Cuba, and Mexico. Using a 45-item Likert-scale questionnaire, the Socio-Occupational Integration Index (SOII) and the Educational Inclusion Index (EII) were constructed, both showing adequate levels of reliability (? = 0.78 and ? = 0.94). The results reveal a positive and significant association between both dimensions (Spearman’s ? = 0.709; p < 0.001), indicating that better working conditions job stability, operational support, institutional climate, and participation are related to higher perceptions of educational inclusion. No differences were found by sex or field of knowledge; however, variations were observed by country: Cuba and Ecuador reported higher SOII levels, while Ecuador and Argentina stood out in EII. The items with the highest consensus were linked to normative principles of inclusion, whereas the main weaknesses were related to faculty participation and access to support. It is concluded that faculty working conditions are a key factor in understanding perceived educational inclusion, and longitudinal and multilevel studies are recommended to strengthen institutional management and equity policies in Latin American higher education.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Equity, University governance, Job satisfaction, Public policies, Academic diversity.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ámbar Annabelle Verdugo Arcos
creator: Ramón Rivero Pino
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 196
ending page: 210
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19010633

Fertility and Education: A Literature Review
type: item
description: This article analyzes, through a review of the scientific literature, how the relationship between fertility and education has been addressed in Colombia and other regions of the world between 2000 and 2025. The theoretical framework is based on the Demographic Transition Theory. The literature shows a sustained reduction in the birth rate, which has led to a decrease in the school-age population. It uses a descriptive-interpretive methodological approach, based on official sources such as the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), the Ministry of Education, and journals indexed in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Redalyc. The literature identifies causes such as: closing the gender gap in education, achieving parity between men and women, delayed motherhood, religious beliefs or dogmas, and the implementation of public policies.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Fertility, school enrollment, education, demographic transition.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jesús David Cabrales García
creator: María Nohemí González Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 184
ending page: 195
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19010514

Ethical and Pedagogical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Towards a New Teaching Role
type: item
description: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regulatory, ethical, and pedagogical challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Peru, emphasizing the growing need to introduce a new teaching role in line with the demands of the 21st century. It offers a critical perspective on Peruvian education, arguing that Artificial Intelligence, beyond its technical considerations, is a global phenomenon that has the power to redefine the course of education. Therefore, from an ethical perspective, it reflects on the urgency of building regulatory frameworks that protect local interests. At the pedagogical level, it is stated that education requires flexibility, without losing sight of the required humanistic approach. Finally, the role of teachers aims to build a figure of leadership, mentor, mediator, and curator of knowledge, but one that transcends these categorizations, becoming the guarantor of the permanence of the human approach in education. Finally, it is concluded that education should not be subordinate to technology, but rather should focus its efforts on how to use these tools to close historical social gaps, thus achieving emancipation.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Critical Thinking, Ethical Regulation, Pedagogical Challenges, New Role of Teachers.
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Augusto Durand-Azcárate
creator: Claudia Virginia Cortez-Chavez
creator: Carlos Esteban Borrego-Rosas
creator: Felipe Rubén Palma-González
creator: Luis Efrain Leiva-Gómez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 174
ending page: 183
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18991499

Alternatives to the use of rejected bananas in organic production systems: The permaculture experience of Asoprochirijos, Ecuador
type: item
description: The principle of permaculture, promoted by the FAO through a holistic approach to organic agriculture, emphasizes the need to strengthen local crops and the harm caused by their substitution. Realizing these benefits requires developing market strategies to market surpluses and enable local farmers to generate an economy that transcends the low added value of domestic agriculture. The Asoprochirijos Association implemented a strategy to transform plantains (bananas, or bananas for frying) into flour, bars, and cookies, increasing profitability and reducing post-harvest losses. Basic drying, milling, and baking equipment were used, along with local inputs such as oats, seeds, and honey. Hygiene controls were based on good practice guides adapted to community conditions. The methodology combined theoretical and practical workshops, diagnostic surveys, and community validation using non-standardized hedonic tests. The results showed a direct positive impact on both 60 producers and 180 people in their surroundings. An improvement of more than 50% was observed, leading to the production of flours with a final moisture content of 8–10%, energy bars with 85% community acceptance, and nutritious cookies with good sensory acceptance. All this was achieved by redirecting the use of 25 tons of rejected bananas. The results were compared with permaculture and similar crops, revealing their enormous potential for transforming the agricultural model.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Banana, permaculture, local crops, agro-industrial waste, agricultural social change.
  topic: keywords
creator: Gustavo Martínez Valenzuela
creator: Christian Villavicencio Yanos
creator: Nelson Luna Suárez
creator: José Falconí Novillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Encuentros. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, Teoría Social y Pensamiento Crítico http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 159
ending page: 171
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18944806